The Concentration Of Police Officers As A Function Of...

Erin Rose Article Review November 20, 2014 I. Reference: Vrij, A., Van der Steen, J., Koppelaar, L. (1994). Aggression of Police Officers as a Function of Temperature: An Experiment with the Fire Arms Training System.Journal Of Community Applied Social Psychology, 4(5), 365-370. II. Summary: Temperament and Temperature on the Diamond: The Heat-Aggression Relationship in Major League Baseball, was a study done to see if heat had any effect on baseball players playing more aggressively against one another via number of hit batters per game. Their findings in this study showed a â€Å"positive and significant relationship between temperature and the number of hit batters per game.† Similarly, Zillman used his social psychology theories†¦show more content†¦(195) III. Hypotheses: 1: High temperatures will increase police officers’ negative affect 2: Police officers will assess suspects as being more aggressive and more threatening in the high temperature condition. 3: High temperatures will increase police officers aggression. All three hypotheses were supported by the results of a one-way MANOVA test. A regression analysis was conducted and determined and threatening impression was positively correlated with tendency to shoot Videotape evidence showed that police officers kept their weapons in their holster more often in control conditions than when in high temperature conditions. While police shot the suspect more in warmer conditions, the effect turned out to be insignificant. A logistic regression was conducted which proved that a (perceived) threatening impression was the only significant predictor of shooting behavior (Vrig, A. 1994). In conclusion; the researcher’s claim that police officers would be susceptible to environmental factors (heat) is supported, and that their official police force training was not enough for them to learn to separate these factors from the situation presented. IV. Variables: Independent Variable The independent variable was the temperature in degrees Celsius. The higher temperature was 27 degrees Celsius, the control setting was 21 degrees Celsius. The heating and cooling of the room during the experiment is the variation between the two randomly assigned groups.

Government And Leadership Of Democracy - 835 Words

While watching news programs, reading magazines, and browsing newspapers there are many forms of government. This paper will present the authority and leadership of democracy, dictatorships, and socialism as well as the advantages and disadvantages. Democracy is described as a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed (Melina, 2011). People who take place in a democracy feel they can be part of the solution. Citizens who are involved feel a sense of involvement. Citizens can show their support by posting signs in their yard and/or campaigning to others on why they feel their candidates is the best for their community and/or country. People feel involved when they can express how they feel in the voter’s booth come election time. Some countries do not have the right to vote and others exclude certain groups or individuals from voting. The biggest complaint about democracy is lack of knowledge. Knowledge is the biggest argument against people who oppose President Obama. Many people argue many uneducated voters voted for President Obama because they shared the same skin color. Those same people also say many were not registered to vote, but people who were helping run his campaign helped many African Americans sign up to vote because they felt he could control and win the demographic. Democracy is a true form of governmentShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Joseph SchumpetersCapitalism Socialism, And Democracy1021 Words   |  5 Pagesbook Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, the political scientist Joseph Schumpeter elucidates on his critique of the 18th century concept of democracy. 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The Iliad and Today free essay sample

The characters portrayed in the Iliad are culturally similar to the people living in the United States today, but they are also different from us in several ways. The people that lived during the time of Homer had different ideas on many issues. The way they viewed things were somewhat different to how we view things today. This is to be expected because throughout history many events reshaped their views and beliefs. Events such as disasters, plagues, and wars occurred which brought about change. The setting of the Iliad begins with a war between Greece and Troy.This conflict had been going on for ten years. Back when the Iliad was written it was conceivable for the duration of war to last many years. In this day and time our concept of the duration of a war is somewhat shorter. Another aspect of Greek ideology relating to war that differs from people living today is the personal aspect of war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Iliad and Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The culture of Greeks in 700 B. C. conducted war where the participants most always saw their enemy on the battlefield. In book one of the Iliad the way Greek and Trojans armies conducted warfare much different than we do today.In modern warfare the individual in many cases is taken out of the equation. The majority of the time soldiers on the battlefield today do not see their intended target. This is due much to the advancements in technology which puts distance between combatants. In the warfare of Homer’s day those engaged in mortal combat could look in the eyes of their enemy. This closeness of combat made warfare fought on more of a personal level than it does in today’s military. That is not to say that war today is not personal, it’s just on a different level.As soldiers in the United States military placed a high value on honor so did the characters portrayed in the Iliad but on a more personal level. This is because not only could they see each other in close combat, they were able to evaluate, make judgments and convey to others how their fellow soldiers performed in combat. It was this personal nature of battle that influenced the cultural beliefs in Homer’s time. Homer illustrated these values and beliefs to a degree in the Iliad in the way his characters were shown to value personal glory and honor.In the Iliad, another difference in culture as it pertains to war is how the Greek generals behaved toward each other; two generals in particular, Agamemnon and Achilles. In the opening scene of the book begins â€Å"Begin with the clash between Agamemnon-The Greek warlord- and godlike Achilles†. These two characters argue back and forth on several different issues. Their harsh words were brought about by their men dying from a plague which was thought to be caused by the gods due to the actions of Agamemnon.In addition in the U. S. , women are considered equals to men and even serve in the military, which would not even be considered in Homer’s time. One last contrast that I would like to mention is the religious beliefs of the Greeks. They believed in many gods and that some mortals, such as Achilles, were conceived from gods. They also believed that they were able to communicate and be granted special favors by these gods. Achilles speaking with his mother, a sea nymph, â€Å"Now you have to help me if you can.Go to Olympus and call in the debt that Zeus owes you. † (Homer) It was believed that the grandfather of Achilles was Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea. The Greek gods were believed to be powerful, but had very human like attributes, some good and some bad In our society today, there are many religions but the majority of them believe in only one God and in the Christian religion, there is only one and all powerful, all knowing and loving God. Word Count: 963

The Saints and the Roughnecks free essay sample

The Saints and the Roughnecks In the article â€Å"Saints and the Roughnecks† by William J. Chambliss, he examines two groups of delinquent high school aged boys, and labeled the eight upper-class boys the â€Å"Saints†, and the six lower-class boys the â€Å"Roughnecks†. Although the groups had a fairly equal amount of lawlessness, the groups were treated unequally by the community because of the labeling theory. The inequality had an effect on both group’s high school and post high school way of life. The labeling theory is a symbolic-interaction approach that states regardless of an action a doer does, only the public’s perception has the ability to determine its severity. After the judgement as been made, society labels the doer with a role. For example, the Saints were able to talk their way out of trouble because of their status in society. The Saints were involved in school activities, such as sports and school programs, which is perceived to be supporting their community and being â€Å"good citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Saints and the Roughnecks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Saints were mostly respectful to their teachers and mostly received good grades, so they were perceived by their teachers as being â€Å"good students. † Due to the Saints efforts to be perceivably â€Å"leaders in the youth community,† local law enforcers rarely stopped the group. When the boys were stopped, the boys were well mannered, and craftily played their roles of the being good guys, and would be let off with a warning; however, these boys were not as good as they were perceived. Since the â€Å"good citizens† were from upper-class families they had vehicles, and were able to travel to other communities to be troublesome, rather than just their own. The â€Å"good students† would skip class by using extra curricular programs as excuses, and received good grades by cheating on exams. The â€Å"leaders in the youth community† would commonly drink and drive, play chicken with their cars, steal roadsigns and sign lanterns, ruin abandoned homes, and much more. The Saints got away with mischief because they were able to stay away from public judgements. The Roughnecks were unable to be inconspicuous, so the community’s perception was greatly enhanced due to their inequalities. The boys were from low income families that could not afford cars or nice cloths, and they stayed within the limits of the town. They were mostly perceived outside of the town’s drugstore being drunk, stealing from the store, and always fighting. The townspeoples overall expectations of the boys was presumably uninterested in going anywhere in life. This persuaded the boy’s teachers into believing similar expectations and they would pass the boys just to refrain from making the community’s issue worse. Local law enforcers viewed the boys as a problem, and would often give the boys a hard time; however, the boys were not as harmful as the community perceived. The poor boys were rarely drunk because they were unable to be served by the local taverns, while the Saints were regularly drunk. When they boys did steal it was low cost items, but the Saints often stole street signs and damaged citizen’s personal property. When fighting occurred, it was usually within their own group, and was much less dangerous than the Saints’ drinking and driving and removing road construction barriers that could of killed people. The Roughneck’s threat on the community was far less than the threat the Saints had; however, the Roughnecks were noticeably more unaccepted and rebellious, and for that most suffered longterm. After high school, a majority of the Saints continued their education and were awarded good careers, but only two Roughnecks were able to surpass the community’s expectations. Two boys from the Roughnecks were Jack and Herb. They played football during high school, and were awarded scholarships to college. Since Jack and Herb were accepted to college, they stopped rebelling and became better people in society. I assumed their career choices as a great focus point on the labeling theory. Even though they were labeled as the bad guys and were not accepted by the community, they were accepted in the football community, which opened opportunities for them to get a degree. Jack and Herb became teachers and football coaches later in life, which one could assume that they are guiding kids that were not accepted, like them, to have a better way of life. If Jack and Herb were not accepted into college, I believe that they would suffer the same inequalities as the rest of the Roughnecks, who are living crime filled lives. The Saints and the Roughnecks free essay sample The Saints and the Roughnecks In the article â€Å"Saints and the Roughnecks† by William J. Chambliss, he examines two groups of delinquent high school aged boys, and labeled the eight upper-class boys the â€Å"Saints†, and the six lower-class boys the â€Å"Roughnecks†. Although the groups had a fairly equal amount of lawlessness, the groups were treated unequally by the community because of the labeling theory. The inequality had an effect on both group’s high school and post high school way of life. The labeling theory is a symbolic-interaction approach that states regardless of an action a doer does, only the public’s perception has the ability to determine its severity. After the judgement as been made, society labels the doer with a role. For example, the Saints were able to talk their way out of trouble because of their status in society. The Saints were involved in school activities, such as sports and school programs, which is perceived to be supporting their community and being â€Å"good citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Saints and the Roughnecks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The Saints were mostly respectful to their teachers and mostly received good grades, so they were perceived by their teachers as being â€Å"good students. † Due to the Saints efforts to be perceivably â€Å"leaders in the youth community,† local law enforcers rarely stopped the group. When the boys were stopped, the boys were well mannered, and craftily played their roles of the being good guys, and would be let off with a warning; however, these boys were not as good as they were perceived. Since the â€Å"good citizens† were from upper-class families they had vehicles, and were able to travel to other communities to be troublesome, rather than just their own. The â€Å"good students† would skip class by using extra curricular programs as excuses, and received good grades by cheating on exams. The â€Å"leaders in the youth community† would commonly drink and drive, play chicken with their cars, steal roadsigns and sign lanterns, ruin abandoned homes, and much more. The Saints got away with mischief because they were able to stay away from public judgements. The Roughnecks were unable to be inconspicuous, so the community’s perception was greatly enhanced due to their inequalities. The boys were from low income families that could not afford cars or nice cloths, and they stayed within the limits of the town. They were mostly perceived outside of the town’s drugstore being drunk, stealing from the store, and always fighting. The townspeoples overall expectations of the boys was presumably uninterested in going anywhere in life. This persuaded the boy’s teachers into believing similar expectations and they would pass the boys just to refrain from making the community’s issue worse. Local law enforcers viewed the boys as a problem, and would often give the boys a hard time; however, the boys were not as harmful as the community perceived. The poor boys were rarely drunk because they were unable to be served by the local taverns, while the Saints were regularly drunk. When they boys did steal it was low cost items, but the Saints often stole street signs and damaged citizen’s personal property. When fighting occurred, it was usually within their own group, and was much less dangerous than the Saints’ drinking and driving and removing road construction barriers that could of killed people. The Roughneck’s threat on the community was far less than the threat the Saints had; however, the Roughnecks were noticeably more unaccepted and rebellious, and for that most suffered longterm. After high school, a majority of the Saints continued their education and were awarded good careers, but only two Roughnecks were able to surpass the community’s expectations. Two boys from the Roughnecks were Jack and Herb. They played football during high school, and were awarded scholarships to college. Since Jack and Herb were accepted to college, they stopped rebelling and became better people in society. I assumed their career choices as a great focus point on the labeling theory. Even though they were labeled as the bad guys and were not accepted by the community, they were accepted in the football community, which opened opportunities for them to get a degree. Jack and Herb became teachers and football coaches later in life, which one could assume that they are guiding kids that were not accepted, like them, to have a better way of life. If Jack and Herb were not accepted into college, I believe that they would suffer the same inequalities as the rest of the Roughnecks, who are living crime filled lives (Chambliss).